The Clarets held their nerve from the penalty spot and Wayne Hennessey enjoyed a dream debut as Burnley booked their place in the third round of the Carabao Cup.
League Two Rochdale will be the Clarets’ next opponents after Sean Dyche’s men emerged successfully from their spot-kick shoot-out after 90 goalless minutes at St James’ Park.
Hennessey saved two Newcastle penalties – after making two big stops in normal time – as the Wales international made the perfect start to his Clarets’ career.
And even though the otherwise impressive Josh Brownhill missed his effort in the shoot-out, Charlie Taylor’s first goal in a Burnley shirt took the Clarets through after Chris Wood, Ashley Barnes and Dwight McNeil had also converted from 12 yards.
Progress - and a first ever cup win over Newcastle - was a fitting reward for a battling display and first clean sheet of the campaign.
And with winger Aaron Lennon back in a Burnley shirt after signing on again at Turf Moor, the Clarets are up and running ahead of Sunday’s visit of Leeds United.
Burnley six changes to their starting line-up but there was no shortage of experience in their ranks as Dyche picked a strong hand.
As well as the return of Lennon, there were also debuts for summer signings Hennessey and defender Nathan Collins.
And the pair were instrumental in a solid first-half performance from the Clarets which largely kept Newcastle at arm’s length.
The Tynesiders had made nine changes from the side that, like Burnley, suffered a second successive defeat to start their Premier League season last weekend.
Among those getting a start were former Burnley midfielder Jeff Hendrick and it was the Irish international who went closest for United in the first half.
Hendrick tried his luck three times with shots from distance, although only one had Hennessey thinking about having to make save as his defensive line did their jobs in front of him with telling blocks.
The Clarets found a route to goal equally elusive, although League Cup specialist Jay Rodriguez wasn’t too far away with a long-range volley which dipped just over Freddie Woodman’s crossbar.
But if chances were scarce before the break, it took just 10 minutes of the second half for Newcastle to create two excellent opportunities to go in front.
The first again fell to Hendrick, who was denied by a superb block from Hennessey who spread himself to somehow keep the ball out.
And then when Hennessey was beaten, Dwight Gayle’s effort from a tight angle came back off the underside of the bar after the United striker had got in behind Collins.
Hennessey remained the busier keeper and he needed to make another smart stop to keep out a fierce drive from the overlapping Javier Manquillo as the tie entered its final 20 minutes.
Newcastle then sent on Allan Saint-Maximin and Joe Willock in a bid to further force the issue and avoid the need for a penalty shoot-out.
But the Clarets did a fine job of containing their threat – notably Brownhill who made a couple of excellent tackles on dangerman Saint-Maximin.
New signing Wayne Hennessey reflects on shoot-out victory
At the other end, McNeil had a couple of attempts to win it from long distance but with neither side able to break the deadlock it went to penalties.
The Clarets successfully scored four out of five and after Saint-Maximin and Miguel Almiron had found Hennessey an impassable object, it was Burnley who took their place in the last 32.
Burnley: Hennessey; Bardsley, Collins, Mee, Pieters; Lennon (Taylor 60), Brownhill, Cork, McNeil; Wood, Rodriguez (Barnes 68). Substitutes: Norris, Lowton, Tarkowski, Thomas, Richardson.
Booked: Collins, McNeil
Newcastle: Woodman; Krafth, Lascelles, Clark; S Longstaff; Manquillo (Saint-Maximin, 76), Hendrick, Fraser (Almiron 83), Lewis; Gayle (Willock 76), Joelinton. Substitutes: Gillespie, M Longstaff, Schar, Murphy.
Booked: None
Referee: Oliver Langford
Attendance: 30,082